Habitat requirements of Luronium natans (L.) Raf. in northern Belgium

We investigated the environmental range of Luronium natans populations in lower Belgium (Flanders) with particular focus on key factors influencing its population size and the interplay of nutrient availability and physical disturbances in determining its abundance. Soil calcium content and total phosphorus in the water layer were the only physical-chemical variables related to L. natans abundance. Physical water body and vegetation characteristics influenced population dynamics and incidence of reproductive strategies. The species has a ruderal character, and occurs early in vegetation succession or depends on regular physical disturbance events for prolonged presence. Presenting limited competitive abilities, especially in terms of light availability, the species is hindered by taller-growing vegetation. Large populations are typically associated with well-lit conditions. Its flexibility to switch between vegetative and generative reproduction strategies may be associated with nutrient and light conditions. The need for long-term monitoring to consider population dynamics and evaluate the effectiveness of conservation efforts is emphasized. Overall, our study provides further insight into the relation between abiotic conditions, population dynamics and conservation management and extends the basis for sustainable management of the remaining L. natans populations in Flanders and similar regions of Atlantic Europe.